Introduction

This article examines the procedural aspects of environment-related investor-state disputes, whether the proceedings are conducted ad hoc, or under the auspices of an arbitral institution such as the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) or the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), which administers most investor-state arbitrations under the arbitration rules of the United Nations Commission for International Trade Law (UNCITRAL Rules). The article is divided into three sections. First, it briefly describes the dispute resolution options ...