Introduction

Given the recognition that the current Nationally Determined Commitments (NDCs) are insufficient to hold the rise of global average temperature to less than 1.5°C, states face increasing pressure to take more stringent climate mitigation measures. At the G7 Ministers' Meeting on Climate, Energy and Environment in April 2023, G7 countries, for the first time, expressed their commitment to 'accelerate the phase-out of unabated fossil fuels' (including not only coal but also gas and oil). At the same time, the phasing out of fossil fuels such as the termination of extraction and pipeline ...