Executive Summary

Unilateral Restrictive Economic Measures ("UREM") are a country or block of countries-based measures aimed to restrain a target country's economic relations and humanitarian well-being. An avalanche of national UREM programs introduced by some states against the nationals of other states as well as counter-UREM regulations, negatively affect global trade, and consequently, international commercial arbitration. Accordingly, to pursue its case in international arbitration, a party affected by UREM must negotiate an ultimate obstacle course of legal restrictions and commercial ...