Abstract

(Minor revisions 23/12/2025) The global oil and gas industry, shaped by its distinctive characteristics and enduring significance, has given rise to transnational petroleum law (TPL) as a regulatory framework to govern its complex cross-border operations. TPL has developed through a combination of international legal principles, industry customs, and arbitration awards. This paper examines the reciprocal relationship between international energy contracts and TPL, emphasising principles related to renewable energy transition, human rights, energy justice, sustainability, ...