Executive Summary

Digital wallets and cryptocurrency exchanges now operate at a scale comparable to traditional financial institutions, processing trillions of dollars annually and serving hundreds of millions of users worldwide. Their economic significance, combined with their borderless nature, has introduced complex jurisdictional, evidentiary, and consumer protection challenges. These challenges are amplified by the speed at which crypto markets evolve and the absence of harmonized global regulation, placing pressure on dispute-resolution systems to adapt quickly. Arbitration has emerged as a central ...