Abstract

This article provides a critical analysis of economic countermeasures within the framework of international law, focusing on their application by third-party states that are not directly harmed by wrongful acts. It differentiates economic countermeasures from sanctions, underlining the former's basis in the Articles on State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts. To be lawful, these countermeasures must be proportional, necessary, and temporary. The author scrutinizes both the legal ambiguity and real-world effectiveness of third-party measures, using the example of ...