Abstract

The Russian invasion of Ukraine disrupted the global energy markets, modified the energy supply chains, caused a transformation of the energy infrastructure, and upended long-term contracts and ongoing projects. The G7 countries reacted to the Russian invasion by imposing a record number of economic sanctions on Russian persons and entities. Russia responded by adopting a wide range of "countermeasures" against the persons and entities associated with "unfriendly" countries. Western energy companies were caught in the crossfire and found themselves either in active disputes or in ...