Executive Summary

Young-OGEMID conducted its twenty-first virtual symposium, The Changing Landscape of State Defence Strategies in ISDS, from 17 and 24 of November 2025. It addressed how State responses to ISDS have evolved, focusing on recent trends, the relationship with external counsel, the growing role of inter-agency coordination, and capacity building strategies. Over the years, as the number and footprint of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) proceedings have expanded, States have been working in parallel to strengthen their institutional capacity to manage these matters. In many ...